Adverbs That Modify Infinitives In German

Adverbs Modifying Infinitives in German: A Comprehensive Guide

This article delves into the often-overlooked topic of adverbs modifying infinitives in German. Understanding how these adverbs function is crucial for crafting grammatically correct and nuanced sentences. This guide will clarify the placement and usage of these adverbs, providing you with a solid foundation for mastering this aspect of German grammar.

What are Infinitives?

Before we dive into adverbs, let's quickly recap German infinitives. An infinitive is the base form of a verb, typically preceded by "zu" (to). For example, zu gehen (to go), zu lesen (to read), zu arbeiten (to work). These infinitives often function as nouns within a sentence.

Adverbs and their Placement

The placement of adverbs modifying infinitives is a key point. Unlike English, where adverb placement is more flexible, German demands more precision. Generally, adverbs modifying infinitives are placed before the "zu" particle.

• Correct: Ich möchte schnell zu essen. (I want to eat quickly.)
• Incorrect: Ich möchte zu schnell essen. (I want to quickly eat.) This sounds unnatural and grammatically questionable.

This rule holds true for most adverbs, including those expressing manner, time, and place.

• Manner: Sie versucht, leise zu sprechen. (She tries to speak quietly.)
• Time: Er plant, morgen früh zu starten. (He plans to start early tomorrow.)
• Place: Wir hoffen, bald zu Hause zu sein. (We hope to be home soon.)

Exceptions and Nuances

While the rule of placing the adverb before "zu" is generally applicable, some exceptions exist. Certain adverbs, particularly those expressing frequency or degree, can sometimes be placed after the infinitive. However, placing them before "zu" is usually preferred for clarity and a more natural flow.

• Frequency: Er geht oft spazieren. (He often goes for a walk.) - Here, "oft" modifies the verb "geht," not an infinitive. If an infinitive were used, placing "oft" before "zu" would be more common and clearer.

• Degree: Er ist bereit, sehr lange zu warten. (He is prepared to wait a very long time.) - Again, while this is acceptable, placing "sehr" before "zu" might be slightly more formal and clearer: Er ist bereit, zu sehr lange warten. (Although the second example might sound slightly unnatural, too.)

Adverbial Phrases

Adverbial phrases modifying infinitives follow the same rule: they are placed before the "zu."

• Correct: Ich versuche, mit viel Geduld zu arbeiten. (I try to work with a lot of patience.)
• Incorrect: Ich versuche, zu mit viel Geduld arbeiten.

Infinitives Without "zu"

Remember that some verbs take infinitives without "zu," such as modal verbs (können, müssen, dürfen, sollen, wollen). In these cases, the adverb usually follows the modal verb and precedes the infinitive.

• Ich kann schnell laufen. (I can run quickly.)
• Du musst sorgfältig arbeiten. (You must work carefully.)

Mastering the subtleties

The placement of adverbs modifying infinitives is a detail that distinguishes fluent German speakers from those who are still learning. Consistent practice and attention to detail are key to mastering this aspect of German grammar. By understanding the general rule and being aware of the exceptions, you can significantly improve the accuracy and fluency of your German writing and speaking. Pay close attention to how native speakers use these constructions in authentic materials, such as books, films, and conversations. This immersive approach will greatly enhance your comprehension and usage of adverbs modifying infinitives.